This difference between believers and disbelievers, known as the
"sheep-goat effect," has been confirmed by many other researchers. A meta-analysis by Lawrence (1992),
covering 73 experiments by 37 different researchers, clearly confirms that subjects who
believe in psi obtain, on the average, higher results than those who do not believe in it.
We all tend to select information which confirms our beliefs and avoid that which seems
not to fit with them. Selective perception undoubtedly plays a role in our interpretation
of apparently paranormal experiences. Skeptics are justified in stating that those who
believe firmly in psi will tend to see its occurrence everywhere, even to the point of
confusing their own interpretations with the actual events. On the other hand,
disbelievers will also tend toward the complementary fallacy, always finding some
so-called "rational" explanation for a psi experience, even when it happens to
them. But the sheep-goat effect suggests that the differences run deeper than mere
interpretation: one's attitudes toward psi affects the likelihood that such phenomena will
occur in the first place. The more an individual harbors a reductionistic view of the
world, the less chance such phenomena will emerge (let alone be witnessed by them); the
more one is interested in interconnectedness, and open to psi experiences, the more likely
the world will "respond" by creating such experiences.
Additional Experimental Evidence:
Relating
ESP to personality traits: Two meta-analyses
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