The Parapsychological Association

Carlos S. Alvarado, Ph.D.

Atlantic University

I had the pleasure of presenting an invited address at the last PA Convention held in Curitiba, Brazil. The address, entitled "Distortions of the Past,"  was part of the Outstanding Contribution Award the Parapsychological Association granted to me at the 2010 convention held in Paris, for which I thank the Association. The topic of my address was a discussion of examples of distortions of the history of parapsychology as seen in the writings of some parapsychologists.

I hope to publish the paper in the near future. In the meantime here is an abstract.

While no view of past parapsychological developments is free of problems it is worthwhile to discuss how our accounts can be distorted if only to be more aware of our working assumptions. In this address I will focus on the writings of parapsychologists, and particularly on some problems in these writings producing a distorted view of the past of the discipline. I argue that the past is distorted when we neglect the work of specific groups and individuals (such as lesser known figures, and women); when we see the past as a function of the present (neglect of unpopular ideas today, justification of research programs); and when we focus mainly on positive aspects of the study of psychic phenomena (neglect of critics and of examples of the rejection of the field). It is my hope that a consideration of these issues will assist us to expand the reach of such writings.

Carlos S. Alvarado, Ph.D.

Atlantic University

This paper, in Spanish, was written by Ernesto Bonilla. It appeared in Investigación Clinica, a journal published in Venezuela.

Conexión Mente-Cuerpo, Fenómenos Parapsicológicos y Curación Espiritual. Revisión [Mind-Body Connection, Parapsychological Phenomena and Spiritual Healing: A Review. Investigación Clinica, 2010, 51, 209-238.http://www.parapsych.org/uploaded_files/pdfs/00/00/00/00/23/bonilla_mente_y_cuerpo.pdf

Abstract from the paper:

 Evidence regarding the influence of the mind on the body is abundant. Several mind-body healing procedures are currently being used, among them hypnosis, biofeedback, meditation, visualizations, management of emotions and prayer. Since the Big Bang, we are entangled with everything.
This interaction would let individuals to communicate with the minds and bodies of others. The field of parapsychological research has provided a lot of information about significant events, including apparitions, communications with the dead, near-death experiences and out of the body experiences. It looks apparently evident, that consciousness can persist in the absence of brain function. According to the model that assumes that it is consciousness and not matter, the base of everything that exists, what survives after death is the “quantum monad” or spirit. It is said that spiritual cures are practiced by discarnate physicians who diagnose and prescribe conventional treatments, but very often they use unknown procedures based on the management of energy fields that are currently being studied by many physicists. Representative examples of the practice of spiritual medicine were the mediums Ze Arigo, George Chapman, Barbara Guerrero (Pachita) and presently the Brazilian medium John of God. Case reports of paranormal phenomena observed and studied by honest and serious scientists are very important for the advancement of parapsychology, because it has not been clearly established which approach, the qualitative or the quantitative, is more useful for the development of this field.

Carlos S. Alvarado, Ph.D.

Atlantic University

Discussing the negative views of parapsychology expressed by some scientists Dr. Mark Leary, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience and Director of the Social Psychology Program at Duke University, has stated that "when it comes to parapsychology, many scientists are not skeptics but rather dogmatic . . ." (Why Are (Some) Scientists so Opposed to Parapsychology?Explore, 2011, 7, 275-277).

Leary discusses arguments such as the ideas that parapsychology is a pseudoscience, does not meet standards of scientific rigor, cannot explain its findings, and is related to occult beliefs. He also states: "The fact that many attacks on parapsychology are highly dogmatic and emotional and couched in ridicule and intimidation rather than scientific argument suggests that parapsychology threatens something quite important to these critics. That something may be their grasp of reality."

The article ends with the following comments:

"I can readily identify with the intellectual difficulty of accepting most of parapsychology’s claims. I have a tremendous amount of trouble understanding how any of it can be true. Yet I also see the results of
decades of well-designed research suggesting that psi might in fact occur and, from a scientific perspective, I don’t have the luxury of simply ignoring research findings that make me uncomfortable, and I
don’t think I would be justified in condemning researchers who study such things . . . .  I find it harder to understand why anyone would suggest that such research should not be conducted or that researchers in the field are misguided or irrational. Even people who do not believe in psychic phenomena should want
additional research to provide an answer once and for all. The questions are so interesting and potentially important that we really should know the answers, however they may fall."

Carlos S. Alvarado, Ph.D.

Atlantic University

Much was written during the nineteenth-century and later about the alleged pathology of mediumship. A historical study of French ideas on the topic was published by Pascal Le Malefan (Folie et spiritisme: Paris: L’Harmattan, 1999).

The topic has been discussed again recently in an article published by Adair Menezes, Jr., and Alexander Moreira Almeida, "Mental Health of Mediums and Differential Diagnosis between Mediumship and Mental Disorders" (Journal of Scientific Exploration, 2011, 25, 103-116). The abstract appears below.

Abstract

The issue of the mental state of mediums, and whether experiences considered mediumistic are symptoms of mental disorders, has long been subject to debate. Recent empirical studies may help to shed light on these controversies. As there are only a few studies on the mental health of mediums, fi ndings regarding hallucination and dissociation in non-clinical populations are presented and discussed. Recent studies have not found an association between mediumship and mental disorders. Mediumistic experiences often occur in healthy and well-adjusted subjects. The occurrence of psychotic and/or dissociative experiences alone are not enough for a diagnosis of a mental disorder. It is essential to take into consideration the sociocultural context and the impact of these experiences on a patient’s life. In some cases, the emergence of mediumship may appear in the context of physical and

 Alexander Moreira Almeida

mental symptoms, which poses a challenge for differential diagnosis. Further research is still necessary in order to discover enough elements to make a definitive differential diagnosis between mediumship and mental disorders.

Carlos S. Alvarado, Ph.D.
Atlantic University

In my article “The History of Psychical Research in the Journal of Scientific Exploration,” published online in the Psypioneer Journal (http://www.woodlandway.org/PDF/PP6.12December2010.pdf), I mentioned articles that have been published in the “Historical Perspective” section of theJournal of Scientific Exploration(http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/), as well as book reviews that I have commissioned in my capacity of Associate Editor, or written myself, about important publications from the old spiritualist and psychical research literatures. It is my hope that these papers and reviews will help newcomers to parapsychology and others to realize the value and richness of the old literature. In these comments I would like to present an update of what has appeared in the JSE after the publication of my article.

Only two papers have appeared since the article was published. Both focus on gifted individuals.
The most recent one did not appear in the Historical Perspective section, but covers a relevant topic. In is entittled “An Important Subject at the Institut Métapsychique International: Jeanne Laplace: The 1927–1934 Experiments,” and was authored by Giullio Caratelli and Maria Luisa Felici (JSE, 2011, 25, 479-495). The other one is my paper “Eusapia Palladino: An Autobiography” (JSE, 2011, 25, 77-101;http://www.intuitive-connections.net/2011/EusapiaPalladino.pdf).

Several reviews of old and important books have been published. These include, in order of the publication of the original work: Catherine Crowe’sThe Night-Side of Nature (1848, by Guy Lyon Playfair, JSE, 2011, 25, 177-181), Robert Hare’s Experimental Investigation of the Spirit Manifestations (1855, by Michael E. Tymn, JSE, 2011, 25, 172-177), Edmund Gurney, Frederic W.H. Myers, and Frank Podmore’s Phantasms of the Living (1886, by Bryan J. Williams, JSE, 2011, 25, 367-384), René Warcollier’ La télépathie (1921; by Djohar Si Ahmed, JSE, 2010, 24, 767-778), and Charles Richet’s Notre Sixième Sens (1928, by Djohar Si Ahmed, JSE, 2011, 25, 583-590).

In addition there have been essay reviews of several other works. In “Extreme Phenomena and Human Capacity” Michael Grosso discussed Father Herbert Thurston’sThe Physical Phenomena of Mysticism(1952, JSE, 2011, 25, 131-152). I have discussed 16 other works in three essays. In “Unorthodox Concepts of Force and Psychic Phenomena” (JSE, 2011, 25, 121-129) I commented on Raoul Montandon’s Les Radiations Humaines (1927), Hereward Carrington’s Laboratory Investigations into Psychic Phenomena (n.d., ca 1939), Alexandre Baréty’s Le Magnétisme Animal (1887), Albert de Rochas’L’Extériorisation de la Sensibilité (5th ed. 1899), Hippolyte Baraduc’s L’Ame Humaine(1896), and Gabriel Delanne’sL’Evolution Animique (1897).

This was followed by “Apparitions of the Living: The Views of William H. Harrison and Gabriel Delanne” (JSE, 2011, 25, 365-374), an overview of Spirits Before Our Eyes (1879), by William H. Harrison, and Les Apparitions Matérialisées des Vivants & des Morts. Vol. 1: Les Fantômes de Vivants(1909), by Gabriel Delanne.

Finally, I discussed the topic of “doubles” and out-of body experiences in an essay entitled “On Doubles and Excursions from the Physical Body, 1876-1956” (JSE, 2011, 25, 561-578). This consists of comments about the following articles and books: “On the Trans-Corporeal Action of Spirit,” by William Stainton Moses (under the pseudonym M. A. Oxon, Human Nature, 1876); Posthumous Humanity (1887), by Adolphe D’Assier; Le Fantôme des Vivants (1909), by Hector Durville;The Case for Astral Projection(1936), by Sylvan J. Muldoon;Les   Phénomènes de Bilocation (1937), by Ernesto Bozzano;The Phenomena of Astral Projection (1951), by Sylvan J. Muldoon and Hereward Carrington; “ESP Projection: Spontaneous Cases and the Experimental Method,” by Hornell Hart (Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1954); and “Six Theories about Apparitions” by Hornell Hart and collaborators (Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 1956).

Carlos S. Alvarado, Ph.D.

Atlantic University

Questia (http://www.questia.com/)

This site requires subscription. Questia has holdings about almost every field of interest.

These are only a few examples of books with information about parapsychology.

Books

Carington, W. (1949). Mind, Matter and Meaning. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press.

Doyle, A.C. (1918). The New Revelation. New York: George H. Doran.

Hyslop, J.H. (1919). Contact with the Other World. London: T. Werner Laurie.

James, W. (1920). Collected Essays and Reviews. New York: Longmans, Green.

Jastrow, J. (1900). Fact and Fable in Psychology. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin.

Maeterlinck, M. (1915). The Unknown Guest. New York: Dodd, Mead.

Myers, F.W.H. (1903). Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death (2 vols.).
London: Longmans, Green.

Murchinson, C. (Ed.). (1927). The Case for and Against Psychical Belief. Worcester, MA:
Clark University.

Paton, L.B. (1921). Spiritism and the Cult of the Dead in Antiquity. New York:
Macmillan.

Pratt, J.G., Rhine, J.B., Smith, B.M., Stuart, C.E., and Greenwood, J.A. (1940).
Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years. New York: Henry Holt.

Carlos S. Alvarado, Ph.D.

Atlantic University

Many of us in psychology and parapsychology became interested in altered states of consciousness (ASC) through books such as Charles T. Tart’s anthology Altered States of Consciousness(1969). Later works—among them Kelly and Locke’s  Altered States of Consciousness and Psi (1981, recently released with a new introduction, 2009), Wolman and Ullman’s Handbook of States of Consciousness, (1986), and Baruss’Alterations of Consciousness (2003)—presented us with wide compilations of information about the topic. Now we are fortunate to have a new comprehensive reference work on the topic compiled by Etzel Cardeña and Michael Winkelman.

Published in 2011, the two volume work Altering Consciousness: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger), is without doubt the best reference work available today about ASC. The first volume is subtitled History, Culture, and the Humanities. After two papers by the editors, the rest of the volume has 14 papers organized in three sections about historical and cultural perspectives, and views from the humanities. In the second volume, Biological and Psychological Perspectives, the papers are grouped under the main areas mentioned in the subtitle. It includes 16 essays. In addition to chapters written by the editors the two volumes include over 40 authors, among them Mario Beauregard, Anton Geels, Andrzej Kokoszka, David Luke, David Lukoff, David Presti, Jonathan Shear, Moshe Sluhovsky, Yulia Ustinova, and Jennifer M. Windt.

As can be seen in the list of chapters below the papers included in the collection cover such varied aspects ranging from the historical, the conceptual and the philosophical, to the scientific and clinical. Among many topics there are discussions about drugs, Eastern approaches, literature, modern art, neurochemistry, religion, shamanism, sleep and dreams, spirit possession, neuropathology, psi phenomena, and psychopathology.

The first volume opens with a preface by Charles T. Tart in which he discusses aspects of his career studying altered states, which includes his idea of state specific sciences and his major theoretical statement, a systems theory approach to altered states that appeared in his book States of Consciousness (1975). The second volume has a preface from Kenneth S. Pope in which he tells us that the topic of the book is difficult to measure, that it raises questions about what is a normal state of consciousness, that it is determined by our cultural views and biases, and that it raises images of danger in terms of some forms of ASC induction and of the negative career consequences for those engaged in their study. While the latter is true, and something also discussed by Tart in his preface to the first volume, I doubt the consequences are worse that those suffered by those who have devoted their lives to more controversial fields such as parapsychology.

Cardeña’s essay “Altering Consciousness: Setting Up the Stage,” appearing in the first volume, is a good overview of issues pertaining to the topic. Among them he discusses topics such as definitions, classifications, the changing features of experiences, individual differences, as well as reasons for studying the topic. Following others such as Tart, Cardeña warns us about a very important issue that still muddies the waters in this field, that is, that some confuse actual altered states with their induction procedures. In other words, hypnotic induction, meditation practices, or ganzfeld procedures are no guarantee that changes of consciousness have been experienced. It is essential to measure such changes independently of the ways used to induce them.

According to Cardeña to understand the history of humankind we need to consider various alterations of consciousness. In this process we need to include “the perspectives of the artist and the experiencer as much as that of the scientist to gain a full understanding” (p. 12). But he is also clear that this area needs much further conceptual and research work in order to make meaningful advances.

Personally, I was happy to have collaborated with Cardeña in the fifth chapter of volume 1, “Altered Consciousness from the Age of Enlightenment through Mid-20th Century.” I particularly enjoyed contributing cases of and ideas about dissociative and parapsychological experiences from the old literatures of mesmerism, spiritualism, and psychical research.

 In addition to the high quality of the chapters, as well as the multiple perspectives and wealth of information of this reference work, the book has other valuable aspects. One of them is the international range of its authors, something that helps the book present different views. Some of the contributors have institutional affiliations in such countries as Australia, Belgium, Canada, England, Finland, Germany, Holland, Ireland, Israel, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. In addition, and similar to Baruss’ Alterations of Consciousness (2003), parapsychological topics are not ignored. This is evident in the above mentioned chapter I wrote with Cardeña, in David Lukoff’s chapter “Visionary Spirituality and Mental Disorders” (Vol. 2) and particularly in David Luke’s chapter “Anomalous Phenomena, Psi, and Altered Consciousness” (Vol. 2).

One wishes for the appearance of similar reference works about such topics as religious experiences and parapsychological phenomena. To order the book go tohttp://www.bookdepository.com/ALtering-Consciousness-Etzel-Cardena/9780313383083).

Table of Contents

Altering Consciousness: Multidisciplinary Perspectives
Volume 1. History, Culture, and the Humanities

Preface: Extending our knowledge of consciousness
Charles T. Tart

Altering consciousness: Setting up the stage
Etzel Cardeña

A paradigm for understanding altered consciousness: The integrative mode of consciousness
Michael Winkelman

Historical perspectives

Consciousness alteration practices in the West from Prehistory to late Antiquity
Yulia Ustinova

Spirit possession and other alterations of consciousness in the Christian Western tradition
Moshe Sluhovsky

Altered consciousness from the Age of Enlightenment through mid 20th century
Etzel Cardeña and Carlos S. Alvarado

Reconceptualizing the field of altered consciousness: A 50-year retrospective
Julie Beischel, Adam J. Rock, and Stanley Krippner

Cultural perspectives

Eastern approaches to altered states of consciousness
Jonathan Shear

Shamanism and the alteration of consciousness
Michael Winkelman

Altered consciousness in society
Charles Whitehead

Spiritual technologies and altering consciousness in contemporary counterculture
Graham St. John

The humanities

Altered consciousness in philosophy
Jennifer M. Windt

Altered consciousness in religion
Antoon Geels

Colored inklings: Altered states of consciousness and literature
Wendy Cousins

Altered consciousness in performance: West and the East
Phillip B. Zarrilli

Altered consciousness and modern art
Mark Levy

Time is the key: Music and altered states of consciousness
Jörg Fachner

Volume 2. Biological and Psychological Perspectives

Preface
Kenneth S. Pope

Introducing volume 2
Etzel Cardeña

Biological perspectives

Sleep, dreams, and other biological cycles as altered states of consciousness
Andrzej Kokoszka and Benjamin Wallace

Neurochemistry and altered consciousness
David E. Presti

Dopamine, altered consciousness, and distant space with special reference to shamanic ecstasy
Fred Previc

Transcendent experiences and brain mechanisms
Mario Beauregard

Altering consciousness through sexual activity
Michael Maliszewski, Barbara Vaughan, Stanley Krippner, Gregory Holler, and Cheryl Fracasso

DMT and human consciousness
Zevic Mishor, Dennis J. McKenna, and J. C. Callaway

LSD and the serotonin system’s effects on human consciousness
David E. Nichols and Benjamin R. Chemel

Peyote and meaning
Stacy B. Schaefer

Addiction and the dynamics of altered states of consciousness
Andrea E. Blätter, Jörg C. Fachner, and Michael Winkelman

Psychological perspectives

Altered consciousness and human development
Pehr Granqvist, Sophie Reijman, and Etzel Cardeña

Altered states of bodily consciousness
Sebastian Dieguez and Olaf Blanke

Altered consciousness and neuropathology
Quentin Noirhomme and Steven Laureys

Altered consciousness in emotion and psychopathology
Etzel Cardeña

Visionary spirituality and mental disorders
David Lukoff

Altered states of consciousness as paradoxically healing: An embodied social neuroscience perspective
Aaron L. Mishara and Michael A. Schwartz

Anomalous phenomena, psi, and altered consciousness
David Luke

Carlos S. Alvarado, Ph.D.

Atlantic University

In recent years I have published several lists and bibliographical essays that I hope will help those interested in the study of the history of psychical research find books and articles on the subject. A general one, and a good place to start, is "Learning About the History of Parapsychology." Public Parapsychology, 2009 (http://www.publicparapsychology.org/Public%20Parapsych/History%20of%20Parapsychology%20Guide%20-%20Alvarado.pdf). See also the ongoing series of lists of digital libraries in these blogs.

The following are additional resources that I have prepared:

(2010). Online resources for the history of out-of-body experiences and death-related phenomena.Journal of Near-Death Studies, 28, 143-162.

(2010). Bibliographies for the study of the old literature. Mindfield, 2(1), 15.

(2010). The history of psychical research in the Journal of Scientific Exploration. Psypioneer Journal, 6, 335-338. (Online:http://www.woodlandway.org/PDF/PP6.12December2010.pdf)

(2010). Early American spiritualism literature online. Journal of Spirituality and Paranormal Studies, 33, 94-100.

(2009). Frederic W.H. Myers online: I. General materials and reviews of Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death.Psypioneer, 5, 162-169. (Online:http://www.woodlandway.org/PDF/PP5.6June09.pdf)

(2009). Frederic W.H. Myers online: II. Original writings. Psypioneer, 5, 215-227. (Online:http://www.woodlandway.org/PDF/PP5.7July09..pdf)

(2009). Leonora E. Piper online: Some Web resources. Psypioneer, 5, 87-92. (Online:http://www.woodlandway.org/PDF/PP5.3March09..pdf)

(2009). Publicaciones sobre mesmerismo, espiritismo, e investigación psíquica en la biblioteca virtual Google Book Search [Publications about mesmerism, spiritism, and psychical research in the virtual library Google Books].E-Boletín Psi, 4(1), continuous pagination. (Online: http://www.alipsi.com.ar/e-boletin/boletin_psi_4-1_Enero_09.htm#tit04)

(2008). A list of online materials for the historical study of psychical research and related subjects.Journal of Scientific Exploration, 22, 396-407.

(2008). Mesmerism online: A bibliographic review. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 36, 115-120. (Online:http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/psychiatry/sections/cspp/dops/staff/publicationslinks/Alvarado-Mesmerism-online.pdf)

(2008). Some classics of psychical research. PA eNewsletter, Summer-Fall, 14-19.

(2008). Note on online books and articles about the history of dissociation. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 9, 107-118.

(2008). (first author, with M. Biondi). Enrico Morselli’s forgotten bibliography.Psypioneer, 4, 190-193. (Online:http://www.woodlandway.org/PDF/PP4.8August08..pdf)

(2007). Online historical materials about psychic phenomena. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 21, 607-615.

(2007). Nineteenth-century articles about mesmerism: A selected bibliography. Psypioneer, 3, 277-284. (Online:http://www.woodlandway.org/PDF/PP3.12December07..pdf)

(2007). Bibliography of books and articles about mesmerism, Spiritualism, psychical research, and related topics in Google Book Search.Psypioneer, 3, 113-120 (Online:http://www.woodlandway.org/PDF/PP3.5May07..pdf)

(2007). Online digital library for old materials related to parapsychology. PA eNewsletter, Summer, unpaginated. (Online: http://www.parapsych.org/newsletters/pa_newsletter_summer2007.html#r9)

(2003). French mesmerism and hypnosis [books online]. Psychological Hypnosis, 12(3), 5-8.

Carlos S. Alvarado, Ph.D.

Atlantic University

As I mentioned in my article "The History of Psychical Research in the Journal of Scientific Exploration" (Psypioneer Journal, 2010, 6, 335-338; Online:http://www.woodlandway.org/PDF/PP6.12December2010.pdf), several reviews of old books have been published in the JSE. The last issue of the journal (2011, Vol. 25, No.1), published by the Society for Scientific Exploration (http://www.scientificexploration.org/), included several additional reviews of books from previous eras.

In an essay review entitled "Extreme Phenomena and Human Capacity," Michael Grosso discussed Herbert Thurston's The Physical Phenomena of Mysticism (1952). I authored another essay review entitled "Unorthodox Concepts of Force and Psychic Phenomena" in which I discussed six books about concepts of force related to psychic phenomena. The books were Raoul Montandon's Les Radiations Humaines: Introduction à la Démonstration Expérimentale de l’Existence des Corps Subtils de l’Homme [Human Radiations: Introduction to the Experimental Demonstration of the Subtle Bodies of Man] (1927), Hereward Carrington's Laboratory Investigations into Psychic Phenomena (n.d., ca 1939), Alexandre Baréty Le Magnétisme Animal: Étudié sous le Nom de Force Neurique Rayonnante et Circulante dans ses Propriétés Physiques, Physiologiques, et Thérapeutiques [Animal Magnetism: Studied Under the Name of Radiant and Circulating Neuric Force in Its Physical, Physiological, and Therapeutic Properties] (1887), Albert de Rochas' L’Extériorisation de la Sensibilité: Étude Expérimentale & Historique [The Exteriorisation of Sensibility: Experimental & Historical Study] (5th updated edition) (1899), Hippolyte Baraduc's L’Ame Humaine: Ses Mouvements, ses Lumières, et l’Iconographie de l’Invisible Fluidique [The Human Soul: Its Movements, Its Lights, and the Iconography of the Fluidic Invisible], and Gabriel Delanne's L’Evolution Animique: Essais de Psychologie Suivant le Spiritisme [Animic Evolution: Essays on Psychology According to Spiritism] (1897).

Two other books reviewed were Robert Hare's Experimental Investigation of the Spirit Manifestations: Demonstrating the Existence of Spirits and Their Communion with Mortals (1855), by Michael Tymn, and Catherine Crowe's The Night-Side of Nature: Or, Ghosts and Ghost-Seers (1848), by Guy Lyon Playfair.

Carlos S. Alvarado, Ph.D.

Atlantic University

Here is another digital library with holdings about the old psychic phenomena literature. The references listed below are some examples, I encourage you to search for more in the site.

The Library of the Virtual Laboratory (http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library)

The Virtual Laboratory is part of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. Its digitalized library collects materials about the history of "the experimentation of life." They also have a few articles worth checking. All the images are facsimiles.

Hansen, F. C. C., & Lehmann, A. (1895). Ueber unwillkUrliches FIUstern, eine kritische und experimentelle Untersuchung der sogenannten GedakenUbertragung. Philosophische Sludien, 11, 471-530.

Jastrow, J. (1902). Automatic wrting. In l. M. Baldwin (Ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, vol. 2, pp. 94-95. New York: Macmillan.

Jastrow, J. (1902). Mediums. In J. M. Baldwin (Ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, vol. 2, p. 60. New York: Macmillan.

Jastrow, 1. (1902). Spiritism. In 1. M. Baldwin (Ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, vol. 2, pp. 585-586. New York: Macmillan.

Ochorowicz, J. (1909). Hypnotisme et mesmerisme. In C. Richet (Ed.), Dictionnaire de Physiologie (Vol. 8, pp. 709-778). Paris: Felix Alcan.

Sidgwick, E. M. (1902). Psychical research. In l. M. Baldwin (Ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, vol. 2, pp. 378-382. New York: Macmillan.

Sidgwick, E. M. (1902). Telepathy. In l. M. Baldwin (Ed.), Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, vol. 2, pp. 668-672. New York: Macmillan.